Geopolitics

How the monopolistic Hong Kong stock market can turn its Achilles’ heel into an advantage

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Tsingtao Brewery’s initial public offering 30 years ago marked the first mainland Chinese listing in Hong Kong and set the city on a path that would transform it from a small regional market to one of the world’s leading financial centres.

Three decades later, Hong Kong’s market has diversified very little, and remains heavily reliant on the listing and trading of mainland companies, which now account for close to 80 per cent of market capitalisation and almost 90 per cent of turnover.

Slower Chinese economic growth, geopolitical tensions, and Shanghai and Shenzhen’s growing competitiveness, therefore, pose serious challenges. However, Hong Kong must also contend with radical changes in the structure of global markets.

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* First published in The South China Morning Post (7 June 2023)

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香港急須提升證券存管平台功能和服務

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當青島啤酒 30 年前成為首家在香港上市的 H 股公司,其代表性和影響力遠遠超越了公司籌集的 10 億港元。

當時,中央政府正面臨着資本短缺和國企改革的雙重挑戰。香港聯交所主席李業廣抓住了機會,向時任國務院副總理朱鎔基提出了中國企業來港上市之一石二鳥方案,幫助國家解決這兩個重大挑戰,並為香港開啟了成為與倫敦和紐約相提並論的國際金融中心之路線。

然而,香港金融市場的基礎相對狹窄,仍十分依賴內地企業的上市和交易。當前事態的轉變突顯香港金融市場單元化發展的缺點,亦對其未來構成巨大的威脅。

第一,中國經過幾十年的發展已經不再依賴外資來支持其企業增長。反而,國家當今其中一個重大挑戰是家庭儲蓄過剩,而内地市場未能提供足夠的合適投資產品。

第二,内地金融中心的競爭力日趨上升。儘管滬深還存在資本賬戶管控的不足,但這兩個市場都在積極發展金融基礎設施、提高監管水準,以吸引更多上市項目和投資者。

第三,內地政策重點的轉變也可能會加強對離岸上市的審查。共同富裕的基本目的是調整社會財富分配。允許內地民企通過在港上市將大量的財富無序轉移到離岸市場,完全違背了該政策的基本原則。

面對這些威脅,香港近期推出了多項金融業擴展計畫,包括綠色債券、碳交易、家族辦公室、虛擬資產等。這方面的積極態度和努力應該獲得讚揚。然而,評估新機遇,關鍵要有嚴謹的篩選原則。資源投入應該重點考慮擁有(或能發展)持久競爭優勢,並且可以為客戶、合作夥伴和自己帶來真正價值的項目。

成功戰略往往建立在核心競爭力之上。香港必須避免盲目地複製競爭對手的戰略或趕追每一個新市場潮流。國際投資者選擇經香港投資内地市場的主要原因是,在「一國兩制」下,香港可提供更有效的法律和監管保護。自「滬深港通」和「債券通」開通後,香港已成為全球最大的離岸中國證券託管中心,國際投資者持有的內地 A 股和債券,分別有 70% 和 53% 存託在香港。

當今,中國經濟最大的挑戰是人口急速老齡化。為滿足大量老齡人的退休後生活需要,國家須提升居民儲蓄對資本市場的配置,以提高投資回報和多元化。由於內地市場無法完全吸收這麼大量的投資,必然需要利用國際資本市場。然而,在全球金融體系被武器化的環境下,中國在海外市場的投資面臨不容忽視的金融安全風險。

與此同時,隨著中國社會福利支出的上升,政府的借貸需求也將大量增長。為了吸引更多國際投資者參與中國主權債市場,更高的資本和流動性效率必不可少。這意味着需要着力安排中國債券在離岸市場作短期融資的抵押品或滿足清算所保證金要求。這項安排的主要挑戰是,目前有很少國際投資者願意接受中國大陸法律下的抵押品質押,而這卻給香港提供了機遇。

香港需抓緊機會,重顯 1993 年的創新精神,發揮「一國兩制」之獨特優勢,為中國和國際投資者設計一個雙贏方案,進而鞏固香港的國際金融中心地位。

首先,通過擔任中國的國際證券存管中心,香港可為中國投資者的海外投資提供更好保障,免受制裁的風險。這不限於吸引更多國際公司到港上市,且包括為投資其他國際證券市場的中國投資者提供閉環結算和存管服務。這與香港給投資內地的國際投資者的價值如出一轍。為此,香港必須拓大投資,將存管平台升級,以提高效率、增加容量,並與其他市場建立直接結算聯繫。

其次,香港具備受國際金融機構認可的法律和監管環境,也可以發展成為跨境證券市場的抵押品管理中心,為國際和內地投資者提供服務。

如今,香港的清算所的保證金絕大部分都是現金。綜觀全球其他主要市場,清算保證金普遍以政府債券為主。此外,香港的清算所幾乎完全沒有提供交叉保證金和淨額清算的能力,在全球大型金融市場之中是資本效率最低的。

香港有關機構急需更新交易後平台、發展抵押品管理系統和開始接受中國主權債來滿足清算保證金要求。只有這樣才能滿足國際投資者和國家需要,更好地推動人民幣國際化,並提升香港在人民幣計價衍生產品市場的競爭力。

知己知彼,百戰百勝。市場環境的轉變和當前地緣政治的緊張局勢為香港帶來挑戰,但同時也帶來極其重大的新機遇。香港不能亦不應該一直寄望於來自北京或海外的政策優惠。面對當今的競爭威脅,香港應利用自己獨特的競爭優勢為國家和國際客戶提供獨特價值。這樣,香港的國際金融中心地位就一定能繼續壯大發展。

作者英文名 James Fok,曾任香港交易結算所高級管理人員,最近著有《金融冷戰》

* First published in The Hong Kong Economic Journal (17 May 2023)

Photo credit: Cheung Yin on Unsplash

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A more global yuan is not a zero-sum game for China and the US

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Across the spectrum of recent public discussion about de-dollarisation, commentators have tended to focus on negative factors and ramifications.

American monetary profligacy, fiscal incoherence and the weaponisation of the dollar, are driving other countries to settle bilateral trade in their own currencies and encouraging central bank reserve allocations to gold.

Counterarguments against the greenback’s demise tend to focus on its entrenched status and the absence of credible alternatives. China’s lack of a fully open capital account, unwillingness to run persistent trade deficits and a one-party political structure all mean that the renminbi can never challenge the dollar’s global leadership.

These arguments, however, neglect the growing attractiveness of the Chinese currency both as a store of value and as a vehicle for international trade and investment. Significant developments in China’s financial markets are changing the game board.

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* First published in The South China Morning Post (4 May 2023)

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How Hong Kong leader’s Middle East tour could herald seismic shift in China-Saudi Arabia relationship

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A covert visit by US Treasury Secretary William Simon to Saudi Arabia in July 1974 radically transformed global energy and financial security. An ensuing deal, under which the Middle East kingdom agreed to finance US government deficits in return for American military aid and equipment, laid the foundation for decades of economic growth and prosperity, and extended the dollar’s linchpin role in international financial markets.

Hong Kong Chief Executive John Lee Ka-chiu’s coming tour of the Middle East could herald a similarly seismic shift in the financial and strategic relationship between China and the Arab nation, and deepen Hong Kong’s role in international finance.

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* First published in The South China Morning Post (16 January 2023)

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Rebooting Hong Kong as an International Financial Center

Champagne corks were popping all over Hong Kong following the September 23 announcement by the government that it was scrapping compulsory quarantine for inbound travelers. The restrictions, in effect for 915 days, had exacted a heavy toll on the economy and morale in the Chinese special administrative region (SAR), whose second largest industry before Covid-19 had been tourism. As the city’s retailers and restauranteurs, as well as its flagship airline Cathay Pacific, can start to look forward to a return to normality, however, questions over the future of Hong Kong’s largest industry – financial services – linger.

More than just a key pillar of its own economy, Hong Kong’s capital markets play a critical role in facilitating trade and investment between China and the rest of the world. But the SAR’s standing as an international financial center has in recent years suffered numerous blows, both self-inflicted and outside its control.

In some ways, it is remarkable how resilient Hong Kong’s financial markets have been. In the wake of widespread social unrest in 2019 and in the midst of a global pandemic, Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing (HKEX), the city’s sole exchange operator, reported a record year for derivatives trading volumes and its second best-ever annual turnover in stocks in 2021. This is testament to Hong Kong’s unique advantages under the “one country, two systems” model governing the SAR since its return to Chinese sovereignty in 1997. Structural shifts in its internal and external environments, however, have created both significant challenges and huge new opportunities. If Hong Kong is to retain its status as a leading international financial center, then it must adapt to these changes and take proactive steps to prepare for the future.

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* First published in AsiaGlobal Online (6 October 2022)

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Why it is in US interests to give up its dollar privilege to forge a more neutral financial order

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Much ink has been spilled speculating over the longer-term consequences for the US dollar of the unprecedented financial sanctions imposed on Russia in the wake of military action in Ukraine. Will it lead the world to de-doll arise? And will it contribute to greater international adoption of the renminbi?

Perhaps. But these lines of discussion miss a more profound point: what do we risk by weaponising the global financial commons?

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* First published in The South China Morning Post (8 June 2022)

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